ðŸŽŊ Karakteristik Embedded System

🔍 Apa itu Embedded System?

Sistem komputer yang didesain untuk fungsi khusus, terintegrasi dalam device yang lebih besar, dengan constraint yang ketat pada size, power, cost, dan reliability.

Arsitektur Embedded System Typical

🧠
Microcontroller
CPU + Memory + I/O
📊
Sensors
Input Devices
⚡
Actuators
Output Devices
🔋
Power Management
Battery/PSU
ðŸ“Ą
Communication
Wireless/RF
ðŸ’ū
Storage
Flash/EEPROM

ðŸŽŊ Constraint dan Requirement

Constraint Impact on Design Contoh Solusi
Power Consumption Battery life, heat dissipation Low-power modes, clock gating
Real-time Requirements Deterministic response time RTOS, interrupt priorities
Cost Pressure Component selection, features Integrated peripherals, optimization
Size/Weight Physical constraints System-on-Chip, miniaturization
Reliability Safety-critical operation Watchdog timer, error correction

ðŸ–Ĩïļ Arsitektur Microcontroller

🔧 Perbandingan Microcontroller Populer

ARM Cortex-M

⚡
  • 32-bit RISC architecture
  • Low power consumption
  • Rich peripheral set
  • Widely used in IoT

AVR (Arduino)

🔌
  • 8-bit RISC architecture
  • Beginner friendly
  • Large community
  • Low cost

PIC Microcontroller

ðŸŽŊ
  • Harvard architecture
  • Industrial applications
  • Robust and reliable
  • Various family sizes

ESP32

ðŸ“Ą
  • Dual-core Xtensa
  • WiFi & Bluetooth
  • Low power modes
  • IoT focused

🏗ïļ System-on-Chip (SoC) Architecture

Typical SoC Block Diagram
CPU Core
ARM Cortex-M
Memory
SRAM/Flash
GPIO
Digital I/O
ADC
Analog Input
Timers
PWM/Counters
Communication
UART/SPI/I2C
Wireless
WiFi/BLE
Power Mgmt
Voltage Reg

🔋 Power Management Techniques

⚡ Low-Power Design Strategies

Technique Power Saving Implementation
Clock Gating 30-50% Disable clock to idle modules
Power Gating 60-90% Shut down power to unused blocks
Dynamic Voltage/Frequency Scaling 40-70% Adjust voltage/frequency based on load
Sleep Modes 80-99% Deep sleep with wake-up events

ðŸŽŪ Power Consumption Simulator

Simulasi pengaruh different power modes pada battery life:

0 mA 15 mA 100 mA
Current Consumption:
15 mA
Battery Life:
66.7 hours

⏰ Real-Time Computing

ðŸŽŊ Karakteristik Real-Time Systems

System Type Response Time Consequence of Miss Contoh Aplikasi
Hard Real-Time Deterministic, < ms Catastrophic failure Airbag control, medical devices
Firm Real-Time Strict deadline System failure Multimedia streaming
Soft Real-Time Flexible deadline Degraded performance User interfaces

📊 Real-Time Task Scheduling

Simulasi penjadwalan task dalam real-time system:

Schedule Status: Ready
Missed Deadlines: 0 | Completed Tasks: 0

🏭 Studi Kasus Embedded System

ðŸ“ą Smart Home Sensor Node

Requirements: Temperature/humidity monitoring, wireless communication, 1-year battery life

// System Architecture
Microcontroller: ESP32 (WiFi + BLE)
Sensors: DHT22 (Temp/Humidity)
Power: 18650 Li-ion battery
Sleep Current: 10ΞA
Update Interval: 15 minutes

// Power Calculation
Active Time: 2 seconds per update
Active Current: 80mA
Sleep Current: 10ΞA
Battery Capacity: 3000mAh
Battery Life: ~1.2 years

ðŸĨ Medical Wearable Device

Requirements: Heart rate monitoring, real-time alerts, FDA compliance, 7-day operation

// System Architecture
Microcontroller: ARM Cortex-M4
Sensors: PPG optical sensor, accelerometer
Safety: Watchdog timer, CRC checks
Certification: FDA Class II medical device

// Real-time Constraints
Heart Rate Sampling: 100Hz
Alert Response: < 500ms
Data Integrity: CRC32 on all transmissions
Fail-safe: Automatic shutdown on fault detection

🏭 Industrial IoT Gateway

Requirements: Protocol conversion, edge computing, industrial temperature range, 5+ years reliability

// System Architecture
Processor: Dual-core ARM Cortex-A
Memory: 1GB RAM, 8GB eMMC
Interfaces: Ethernet, RS485, CAN bus
Operating Temp: -40°C to +85°C

// Reliability Features
ECC Memory protection
Watchdog with independent oscillator
Industrial-grade components
Mean Time Between Failure: 100,000 hours